The Ethical Implications Of Science And Technology

Science and technology are advancing at an extremely rapid pace, sometimes without regard to consequences. In the 1950’s Robert Briggs and Thomas King were successfully able to clone frogs using nuclei from embryonic cells. Then in 1996, Ian Wilmot cloned a sheep named Dolly from an udder cell of an adult cell. The news of Dolly rocked the world to its core. All types of people began surfacing with the ethical concerns about its potential uses and terror of what might come next: human cloning. As reported in the article, â€Å"Clinton Bars Federal Funds for Human Cloning Research† by CNN, in 1997, President Clinton stopped all federal funding for cloning. â€Å"Clinton also called on privately funded researchers to voluntarily implement a temporary moratorium on human cloning research ‘until our bioethics advisory committee and our entire nation has had time to... debate the ethical implications’† (CNN). With scientific discoveries such as cloning ma ny people rely on the wisdom of repugnance to decide what is right and wrong. The wisdom of repugnance, which is more commonly known as the â€Å"yuck† factor, is used in arguments to appeal to our sense of disgust. Some believe that the wisdom of repugnance is an instinctive negative response to an idea or practice that should be interpreted as evidence for the intrinsically harmful. Repugnance should not be the sole determining factor when making a judgement, which is what author Leon R. Kass unjustly bases his against cloning on. 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Big corporations are spending billions of dollars into CRISPR-Cas9 research because the possibilities are endless and could lead to new applications

William Shakespeare s Macbeth Women s Agency - 2261 Words

Cory Weaver Michael R Kightley English 201 24 November 2014 Relative Masculinity in Macbeth: Women’s Agency William Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the agency that is created for women when men are pushed into proving their own masculinity. In order to fully understand Shakespeare’s portrayal of masculinity in Macbeth we must first examine the stereotypes of the Elizabethan era that effected Shakespeare’s writing. â€Å"Defining what a female was supposed to be and do was an act of Renaissance culture, as it has been for other times. For Shakespeare, as well as for most of Renaissance society, women as the feminine represented the following virtues which, importantly, have their meaning in relationship to the male; obedience, silence, sexual chastity, piety, humility, constancy, and patience. However, gender characteristics were socially constructed and there was an easy cross-over of masculine and feminine traits to both genders.† (Gerlach, Almasy, Daniel, Revisiting Shakespeare and Gender). Defining masculine an d feminine characteristics allowed writers like Shakespeare to draw males with certain feminine characteristics and females with certain masculine characteristics. â€Å"This merging of masculine and feminine traits in both males and females helps to explain how easy it was for the Elizabethan stage to employ and accept all male casts.† (Gerlach, Almasy, Daniel, Revisiting Shakespeare and Gender). These plays utilized men to play strong female characters like LadyShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Character of Macbeth from Macbeth1960 Words   |  8 PagesMacbeth from Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth we find a guilt and fear-ridden usurper of the throne of Scotland. Let us study this character in this essay.    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy paints a portrait of Macbeth:    Macbeth, the cousin of a King mild, just, and beloved, but now too old to lead his army, is introduced to us as a general of extraordinary prowess, who has covered himself with glory in putting down a rebellion and repelling theRead More The Hero? In Macbeth Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesThe Hero? In Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   The tragedy Macbeth highlights an ambivalent character who wants to be king. This paper will take a close look at his character.    Samuel Johnson in The Plays of Shakespeare states that every reader rejoices at the fall of Macbeth (133).    In Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley talks about Macbeth as a responsible agent for his actions:    It is essential to the hypnotic tension of the play that Macbeth should not seem in any ordinary way responsibleRead MoreThe Complicated Politics Of Gender Identity Essay3466 Words   |  14 PagesQueerness in Macbeth: The Complicated Politics of Gender Identity Saswata Kusari and Prof. Mahua Bhattacharjee Abstract: The thematic concern of appearance and reality is dealt with at various levels in Macbeth. This paper is an exploration of how the conventional ideas of gender and sexuality are subverted in this play. The paper would also seek to explore how the paradigmatic shift in the conventional gender identity creates a sense of queerness. Our attempt is to interrogate the play from anRead More Psychoanalytical Criticism2775 Words   |  12 PagesThe focus of this essay is to apply these psychoanalytical techniques while interpreting Lady Macbeth’s character in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. However, before I begin my argument, I feel that Lacan’s concepts of psychoanalytical theory need some introduction. One of the more prevalent psychoanalytical theorists since Freud was Jacques Lacan and I will use Lacan’s â€Å"The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud† as a starting point to explain some of his concepts of psychoanalyticalRead MoreThe Occupation of a Carpenter Essay2229 Words   |  9 Pagesworking as contractors themselves on small jobs. Jobs Carpenters held about 1.1 million jobs in 1998. Most of them, about 80 percent, worked for contractors who build or repair buildings. Most others worked for private firms, government agencies, retail stores, and schools. Nearly one-third were self-employed. Carpenters get jobs in most parts of the country. Preparing for the job Carpenters learn their work mostly on the job and through training programs. Many carpenters learn

Effectiveness of Preoperative Immunonutrition-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Did the trial address a clearly focused Issues? 2.Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally? Answers: 1.The validity of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Barker et al. (2013) is understood by its clear research purpose and focus. The review of the article showed that the main purpose of the study was evaluating the effectiveness of preoperative immunonutrition supplementation (intervention) on post operation outcomes (outcomes) between well nourished (population studied) and malnourished gastrointestinal patients (comparator). Hence, from this statement, the intervention provides and population studied is clearly understood. The significance of this research is that it points out to the issue of adverse post operative outcome in patient undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery due to malnutrition and stress. Some of the adverse post operative outcome includes high treatment cost, increased mortality, impaired wound healing, high infection rate and depressed immune system. Depressed immunes system is one of the major challenges that contribute to other negative issues in patie nt post surgery. Research has showed that immunonutrition has the potential to minimize early inflammation in surgery and improve post operative outcomes (Zheng et al. 2007). However, there is lack of evidence regarding the function of immunoutrition according to nutritional status. Hence, the use of RCT to evaluate effect of immunutrition supplementation on post operative outcome is an important research area that will have many positive implications in the future. 2.One of the unique elements of RCT studies is that it studies the effect of any intervention by randomization of patients to treatment and control group. Hence, apart from the treatment, all other things and conditions must remain same in treatment and control group. Barker et al. (2013) also treated the groups equally by maintaining a balanced group. A balanced group can be assessed by the method of enrolment, randomization, allocation concealment, blinding and follow up procedure used in the study (Farrokhyar et al. 2010). In the study by Barker et al. (2013), participants were randomized into treatment or control group in 1:1 ratio. Furthermore after admission, all surgical and hospital staffs were blinded to patients treatment allocation and only researchers were blinded to participants treatment group. This helps to minimize any potential bias during the research (Clark, Fairhurst and Torgerson 2016). There was no lost to follow up case post the allocation too. In addition, adh erence to trial protocols also strengthens the validity and credibility of the group and equal treatment of the group. Patients were also analyzed in the group to which they were randomly assigned. References Barker, L.A., Gray, C., Wilson, L., Thomson, B.N.J., Shedda, S. and Crowe, T.C., 2013. Preoperative immunonutrition and its effect on postoperative outcomes in well-nourished and malnourished gastrointestinal surgery patients: a randomised controlled trial.European journal of clinical nutrition,67(8), pp.802-807. Clark, L., Fairhurst, C. and Torgerson, D.J., 2016. Allocation concealment in randomised controlled trials: are we getting better?.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),355. Farrokhyar, F., Bajammal, S., Kahnamoui, K. and Bhandari, M., 2010. Ensuring balanced groups in surgical trials.Canadian Journal of Surgery,53(6), p.418. Zheng, Y.M., Li, F., Qi, B.J., Luo, B., Sun, H.C., Liu, S. and Wu, X.T., 2007. Application of perioperative immunonutrition for gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition,16(S1), pp.253-257.